You can easily adjust the width of a column in a Word table by using the click and drag method. There are two different ways you can "click and drag" to adjust the size of a column. One way is to click and drag on the ruler bar; the other way is to click and drag on the column border.
Using the Ruler Bar: Place your cursor anywhere within the table. If you look at the ruler bar at the top of the document, you will see "gray boxes" where each table border is. You can resize a column by grabbing the "grey box" on the ruler bar and dragging left or right. However, you will notice that not only did the column width change, but so did the entire table. So to use this method effectively, make sure to hold down the SHIFT key while dragging the gray box on the ruler bar. This will allow you to resize the column without moving the table.
Using the Table Border: This is probably the easier and safer way to adjust the column width since it does not change the size of the table. Just grab a column border and drag to the left or right to resize the column. The table will stay the same.