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Vulcans are perhaps the most recognizable of the Federation races apart from Humans. They are a logical species, having chosen generations ago to shed their emotions and follow the path of reason.
Vulcans' training in logic gives them the Logical bonus, which grants a 30% increase to psionic, confuse, and placate resistance. They also receive the Physical Strength bonus, which grants a 10% increase in melee damage.
In addition to each being's species-specific bonus, they are allowed to choose two or three additional characteristics. These additional bonuses, including things like Accurate, Warp Theorist, or Sure Footed, allow you to further customize your Star Trek Online character. Keep an eye out for a future guide to these bonus attributes.
Choosing a species in Star Trek Online can be difficult, with all the excellent options available. If none of these seems to suit your playstyle, however, there is always the massive undertaking of designing your own species from scratch. You get to choose your own bonuses, but won't have access to any of those that are specific to the races mentioned above.