Nothing but the Facts About the Great Scientist Karl Schwarzschild

Karl Schwarzschild, the famous Astrophysicist, belonged to a Jewish family. He was the eldest son of his parents, Henrietta Sabel and Moses Martin Schwarzschild. His contributions in various fields of Physics and astronomy have been very significant. Let us look into his life more closely and discover some amazing facts of this wonderful scientist.

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Place of Birth: Frankfurt am Main

Ethnicity: White

Education: Jewish Primary School in Frankfurt

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Higher Education from University of Strasbourg

Doctorate from University of Munich

Positions: Assistant at Kuffner observatory (1897)

Professor at Gottingen (1901-1909)

Astrophysical Observatory (1909)

Member of Prussian Academy of Sciences (1912)

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Karl Schwarzschild died on May 11, 1916 struggling with a rare skin disease 'pemphigus'.

Famous for: Karl is known for providing solution to Einstein's field Equation for general relativity, with respect to a single spherical non-rotating mass. This is popularly known as the Schwarzschild black hole.

{Image sources: Above right: Karl Schwarzschild:http://www.aip.de/image_archive/images/karl_schwarzschild.jpg}

Image sources: Below right: Credit: N. Rumiano, Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Schwarzschild_black_hole.html}

• Karl Schwarzschild provided the Schwarzschild solution to measure the Schwarzschild radius, the size of the event horizon of a stationary
  

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  black hole by using Schwarzschild coordinates.
• Karl Schwarzschild researched in various fields of science including celestial mechanics, quantum mechanics, stellar structure, instrumental astronomy, Halley's comets and spectroscopy.
• His research work in geometrical deviations in the optical system devised a formula to calculate the optical density of photographic material. The exponent used in this formula is now known as the ‘Schwarzschild exponent’. By using this formula, it became possible to get precise photographic measurements of intensities of even faint astronomical sources. This has been one of his major achievements.
• Karl Schwarzschild was the first scientist who introduced correct Lagrangian formalism of the electromagnetic field.
• While serving in the war front, he produced exact solutions to some of Einstein's work in relativity theory using field equations. Einstein himself praised Karl for his excellent work.
• "Inner Schwarzschild solution” is universal for solids, fluids, gases, Sun and stars. It is used successfully for measuring Schwarzschild radius of a non-rotating black hole, with the help of Schwarzschild coordinates and Schwarzschild metrics.
• While suffering from the painful disease, pemphigus, Karl Schwarzschild wrote three marvelous papers, two on relativity theory and one on quantum theory. The papers on relativity theory provided an exact solution to the Einstein field equations and were called “Schwarzschild metric”.

{Above right: Image Credit: Schwarzschild radius: Source: http://www.odec.ca/projects/2007/joch7c2/Karl_Schwarzschild.html}

• Karl Schwarzschild Medal
• Karl Schwarzschild Observatory
• Schwarzschild coordinates
• Schwarzschild metric
• Schwarzschild (crater)
• Schwarzschild radius
• Schwarzschild wormholes
• Schwarzschild effect

• All other of his family members were interested in art and music and he was first to become a scientist in his family.
• He used his pocket money to buy material for constructing his first telescope.
• Paul Epstein, his professor's son was his friend, and both were interested in astronomy.
• Karl learned how to use the telescope and some advanced mathematics from his friend Paul Epstein.
• In 1914, when Europe was deeply involved in World War I, Karl Volunteered to join the German Army at the age of 41. Serving in both Northern and Eastern fronts, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutinent in artillery.
• On 22nd October 1909, he married Else Posenbach, the daughter of a professor of surgery at the University of Gottingen.
• Karl Schwarzschild had three children who were called Agathe, Martin and the youngest, Alfred. Martin, his second son, became a professor of astronomy at Princeton.
• In 1959, the German Astronomical Society established a lectureship and the Karl Schwarzschild Medal in his honour. His son Martin was the first recipient of this medal.

Karl Schwarzschild reached to the heights of achievements which very few people reach. He was a man with deep insight and very wide scientific interests. Such people are born once in an era!

http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Schwarzschild.html

http://zelmanov.ptep-online.com/papers/zj-2008-b3.pdf

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2007/joch7c2/Karl_Schwarzschild.html

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Schwarzschild_black_hole.html