Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is an esteemed organization responsible for space research, which is controlled by the government of India and has over the years attained an enviable position of being one of the most prestigious and leading space research organizations in the world.
ISRO till date has successfully conducted different kinds of operations under the guidance of the Indian scientific community. In the last four decades they have been serving Indian and foreign clients with the help of their launch vehicle fleet. ISRO has over the years built many field installations and works together with the international space research community on many important bilateral and multilateral research agreements.
ISRO was established in the year 1969 to focus the talent of Indian researchers into advancing the space program. There were several fledgling projects that formed the base for setting up the ISRO like the INCOSPAR (Indian Committee for Space Research) guided by Prof Sarabhai and the Tata Institute of Fundamental research (TIFR) and the Rohini Sounding Rocket (RSR) program. The success of the fledgling projects laid the cornerstone and foundation for the formation of the ISRO in 1969.
Initially, there were trying times with the Indian government being unable to focus on solely on expanding the space project. The ISRO however did manage to get active support from the government when the Indian government started a Space Commission and handed over the running of the entire space program to the Department of Space (DoS) in 1972. ISRO came under the DoS management on 1st June 1972. It is the primary research and development body of the DoS.
During the initial stages of the formation of ISRO, the socio-political conditions from hostile neighbors and the prevailing economic conitions during 1960-1970, forced India to initiate its own launch vehicle programs. It successfully developed rocket programs and by 1980, the first Satelite launch vehicle SLV was created.
The Indian space research program set a precedent for the space community in 2008 when it became the first country to launch ten satellites on a single rocket in the year 2008.
The initial projects of ISRO formed the back bone of the organization and are still well remembered. A quick recap of what the ISRO was able to achieve over the years in the form of launch vehicles and satellites are:
1. The Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) was created to launch multiple rockets and could reach a height of 500 km with a payload of 40 kgs. It was released in 1979 and the project was decommissioned in 1983.
2. The INSAT series were launched by the ISRO to reduce dependence on foreign satellites and to increase local telecommunication, broadcasting and search and rescue needs.
3. The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was started in the year 1987.
4. The IRS series of satellites was ideal for remote sensing and was expressly created for dealing with civilian use of remote sensing.
5. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is still in use to launch satellites into space.
6. The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is used to launch India’s geosynchronous satellites into space for geostationary orbits. At present, this is one of the ISRO’s heaviest satellite launch vehicle and probably the favorite too. It has a payload mass rof about 2500 kg capacity.
7. The GSAT series of satellites, the KALPANA-1 were all launched with the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.
8. The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III (GSLV III) is now under active research and development to help get heavy satellites into space and geostationary orbits. Its first flight is scheduled to be launched in 2010 and has a lift capacity of about 5000Kg.