Nothing but the facts about Saturn's rings

1) Year discovered: 1610

2) Discovered by: Galileo Galilei (though he couldn't identify them as rings)

3) Year idenfitied as rings: 1655

4) Identified as rings by: Christiaan Huygens

5) First extensively photographed by: Voyager 1 (1980), Voyager 2 (1981)

6) Distance of rings from Saturn's center: 67,000 to 480,000 km, 41,632 to 298,256 miles

7) Thickness: No more than 200 m or 656 feet

8) Size of particles in rings: 1 cm to 5 m (0.39 inches to 16.4 feet), with some larger objects and "moonlets"

9) Composition of particles in rings: 99.9 percent water ice, trace amounts of silicate materials

10) Estimated total mass of rings: Possibly more than three times that of Saturn's moon Mimas (which is 3.75 x 10^19 kg or 8.27 x 10^19 lbs)

11) Types of rings: The main rings (A, B and C), the dusty rings (D, E and G), F Ring

12) How rings were named: In the order of discovery (i.e., "A" was discovered first)

13) Innermost ring: D Ring (67,000 to 74,500 km, or 41,632 to 46,292 miles, from Saturn's center)

14) Outermost ring: E Ring (180,000 to 480,000 km, or 111,847 to 298,258 miles, from Saturn's center)

15) Leading theory for ring formation: Breakup of a moon (either through tidal forces or meteor impact), leftover remnants from the early solar system

16) Likely source of material in E Ring: Microscopic, cryovolcanic material from the moon Enceladus

17) Age of rings: Uncertain (theories range from 100 million years to 4 billion years old, though recent data from Cassini-Huygens indicate the older age is more likely)

18) Other ring features: "Braided" rings, ringlets, spokes (radial features)

19) Likely cause of spokes: Saturn's magnetic field

20) Largest gap in rings: Cassini Division (4,700 km, or 2,920 miles, wide)

21) Likely causes of gaps in rings: Gravitational pull of "shepherd" moons, resonance effects between ring particles and moons

Above left: A natural-color mosaic image of Saturn's rings, taken by Cassini. (Image credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute, http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=5723)

Right: A closeup of Saturn's A Ring. (Image credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute, http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=2724)

1) The rings have their own atmosphere. Flying close by the rings, Cassini-Huygens observed enhanced levels of oxygen gas in the ring system. Researchers believe water from the rings is broken up into its components, hydrogen and oxygen; the hydrogen dissipates while the oxygen stays.

2) Saturn's A Ring acts like a giant sponge. In addition to feeding material into the E Ring, cryovolcanoes on the moon Enceladus are also spewing out gases that become plasma that's sucked into the A Ring.

3) What a disappearing act. As Saturn circles the sun (once every 29.5 years), the angle at which we view its rings changes. Twice during each circuit, the rings are edge-on as viewed from Earth, making them all but disappear. These ring plane crossings vexed Galileo ("Has Saturn swallowed his children?" he asked during a ring plane crossing in 1612), but they're a great time for astronomers to study Saturn for new moons and other features without the glare from the rings.

Above left: Cassini's image of radial spokes in Saturn's B Ring. (Image credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute, http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=4083)

Right: Cassini helps find a new moon, the seven-km-wide S/2005 S1, in the Keeler gap of Saturn's rings. (Image credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute, http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=3863

http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/saturn/faq.html

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn&Display=Rings

http://www.astronomynow.com/080924saturnsringsolderandbigger.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn

http://pds-rings.seti.org/saturn/

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Saturn_rings.html