A full urinalysis involves a number of different observations and tests. First, a lab technician will examine the color, odor, and appearance of the urine sample, before analyzing the sample in terms of its chemical make-up. In addition, the urine is examined to determine if there are any signs of bacterial infection. If infection is noted, a sample of the urine is cultured to determine what type of bacteria is causing the infection.
- Color: Normal urine color depends on its concentration: highly concentrated urine is an amber-orange color, while dilute urine is pale yellow. Bleeding from the kidneys, bladder, or urethra stains urine red, while cloudy urine can indicate a bacterial infection.
- Odor: Certain odors can indicate problems such as a foul-smelling odor that indicates a urinary tract infection, or a sweet smell that may indicate diabetes.
- PH: When the kidneys are not functioning normally the PH of urine may change.
- Specific Gravity: This term refers to how concentrated the urine is. If urine is highly dilute it may indicate kidney disease, while very concentrated urine is a symptom of dehydration.
- Protein: Healthy urine contains very little protein. When protein is found in the urine it usually indicates kidney damage or disease. Protein in the urine can also indicate preeclampsia in pregnant women.
- Crystals: The development of a kidney stone is often preceded by the presence of mineral crystals in urine.
- Casts: These clumps of cells and protein that form in the kidneys may indicate kidney disease or failure if found in the urine. They can also appear after strenuous exercise.
- Bilirubin or Urobilinogen: When found in the urine, these pigments may indicate liver damage or disease.
