Biotin: is a cofactor for enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl CoA carboxylase. Biotin can be bonded with an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of lysine. Biotin is referred to as Vitamin H and is essential for normal health. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids. Biotin also helps with regulating blood sugar levels.
Caffeine: is a stimulant that acts on the nervous system and is derived from xanthine. Caffeine can inhibit phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that has been shown to be responsible for degradation of the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP), and prolonging its effects. For more information about caffeine, please refer to the following website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine
Carbamoyl phosphate: is synthesized from ammonia, bicarbonate, and phosphate. Carbamoyl phosphate can be found in the first step of pyrimidine biosynthesis, where is catalyzed by the enzyme aspartate transcarbamoylase. Synthesis of carbamoly phosphate from glutamine and carbon dioxide is catalyzed by carbamyl phosphate synthetase II.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: is an enzyme that synthesizes carbamoyl phosphate from bicarbonate, ATP, and ammonia. This enzyme allows for the production of carbonyl phosphate and adenosine diphosphate by catalyzes the reaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and bicarbonate
Carbohydrate: are made up of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates can include sugars, saccharides, or starches. Carbohydrates can also be refered to as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
Carbonic anhydrase: is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate and protons.
Carboxypeptidase: are proteases that cleave amino acids from proteins at the carboxy terminal end of a peptide bond (known as C-terminus, a region of a molecule).
Cardiolipin: is a phospholipid that is found in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Cardiolipn is usally found in heart and muscle cells, within the mitochondria, and stabilizes the electron transport chain.
- The electron transport chain is a chemical reaction between an electron donor and an electron acceptor to transfer hydrogen ions across a cell membrane.
For additional information on biochemistry dictionary terms, please visit the Portland Press website at http://www.portlandpress.com/pp/books/online/glick/search.htm