The Process
In a pulp and paper plant the sodium salts used for extracting the lignin from wood during cooking have to be recovered to make the process viable. A cooking liquor recovery cycle retrieves white liquor for the cook from the black liquor spent chemicals obtained from the pulp wash. Weak black liquor containing about 15% inorganics and the lignin organic is concentrated in multiple-effect evaporators (MEE) to about 50% strong black liquor. Due to liquor characteristics, further concentration is often better done in a cascade evaporator where hot gaseous stream from a boiler contacts the liquor. Cycle make-up chemicals, usually salt cake, are added to the resulting 68% heavy liquor. At this concentration, the heating value is high enough to provide self-sustaining combustion with air to evaporate the remaining water, provide heat of reduction for chemical recovery, and to provide additional heat liberation to warrant heat recovery in the steam generating sections of the recovery unit.
Functions of Chemical Recovery Boilers
1 To recover the inorganic chemicals from black liquor
2 To produce high pressure and high temperature steam for captive power generation and also provide steam for use in Pulp and Paper mill operations.
Pulp mill operations totally depend upon the chemical recovery boiler. Generally, each paper mill is linked up with one recovery boiler and hence its availability and efficient operation are of utmost importance. Unlike other types of boiler in chemical recovery boiler the combustion takes place in reducing atmosphere and with coarser particle sizes.
Types of Chemical Recovery Boilers.
Depending upon black liquor concentration available from MEE, following types of chemical recovery boilers can be chosen.
- Conventional units having direct contact evaporator (like cascade evaporator) wherein black liquor at 45 to 50% from MEE is concentrated to 62% to 70% solids before firing into furnace.
- Large economizer units. In these units, black liquor at 62 to 70% from MEE is directly fired in to the furnace. In this case a vertical tube extended surface economizer replaces the direct contact evaporator.
Salient features of a Chemical Recovery Boiler.
- Fully welded furnace waterwall construction with no refractory on vertical waterwallls
- Decanting hearth with multiple smelt spouts. Suspension firing of black liquor with multiple black liquor guns
- Properly proportioned drying, reducing, and oxidizing zones with tangential concentric air system above the black liquor guns
- Widely spaced tangent tube superheater with flexible connectors and steam cooled spacers
- Single pass baffle-less boiler bank. Vertical straight tube economizer
- Twin wheel cascade evaporator system. Concrete cased electrostatic precipitator with collecting electrode of COR-TEN steel
- Forward curved bladed radial induced draft fans
- High energy arc ignitors with visible light scanners for start up oil burners
- Furnace safeguard supervisory system
- Fully automatic soot blower control system
- Use of seamless steel tubes for boiler pressure parts.
Next in this series will be (1) Effect of Various Parameters in Chemical Recovery Boiler Operation and (2) Performance Optimization of Chemical Recovery Boiler
