Hydraulics

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Estimation of the Entrance Length for Fully Developed Flow in Pipes

The entrance region for pipe flow is the entry portion of the pipe where the fluid velocity profile changes. At the end of the entrance region the flow enters the fully developed flow region, where the velocity profile remains constant. Equations to estimate the entrance length will be given.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Nov 11, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles
The Carbon Cycle Explains Water Pollution from Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of water pollution by organic matter. Organic matter in water will react with dissolved oxygen in the process of biological oxidation. If there is enough organic matter in the water, it will deplete the oxygen, and affect aquatic life.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Nov 9, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles
Using the Friction Factor in Calculating Frictional Head Loss in Pipes

The Darcy-Wiesbach Equation is an empirical relationship between frictional head loss and several other pipe flow parameters. This equation can be used for fully-developed, turbulent flow in circular pipes and in non-circular conduits. An empirical friction factor is one of the parameters used.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Nov 7, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles

Calculations for the Hydraulic Jump in Open Channel Flow

A hydraulic jump occurs in open channel flow whenever supercritical flow is taking place on a slope that cannot maintain the supercritical flow. The hydraulic jump provides an abrupt transition from supecritical flow to subcritical flow.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Nov 5, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles
Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Ducts

Flow of a liquid or a gas in a pipe may be either laminar or turbulent. Laminar flow is characterized by slow velocity and high viscosity. Turbulent flow is characterized by high velocity and low viscosity. For Reynolds Number (Re) < 2100, flow is laminar. For Re > 4000, flow is turbulent.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Nov 5, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles
Supercritical Flow in an Open Channel

Supercritical flow in an open channel is characterized by high velocity and shallow depth of flow. Subcritical flow is the opposite. It is generally a low velocity, deep flow. The Froude number will be greater than one for supecritical flow and less than one for subcritical flow.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Nov 4, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles

Frictional Resistances to Fluid Flow

Nothing is ideal in this world so how can be fluid flow so simple. The model of ideal fluid flow is good for understanding and solving the fluid flow problems, but only up to certain extent of accuracy. To obtain better solutions for real fluid flows we have to take into account associated losses.

Published by naveenagrawal (3181 pts) on Oct 31, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles
Probability and Return Periods in Hydrology: What is a 100 Year Storm?

What is meant by the phrase "100 year storm?" Could a 100 year storm occur in the next year after there has been a 100 year storm? What is the probability that a 50 year storm will occur within the next 10 years at any given location? These questions and others will be answered in this article.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Oct 29, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles
Managing Water Resources and Applications Using Principles of Hydrology

Hydrology is the study of the properties, quality, distribution, and movement of water at and near the earth's surface. Hydrological principles are used by geologists, civil engineers, environmental engineers, and practitioners of many other disciplines to assess and manage water resources.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Oct 29, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles
Understanding How the Hydrological Cycle Works

Water is a very important resource for all of us. It is essential for all life on this planet. It is interesting to note, however, that water does not get "used up" as we use it. In this article, you can learn how water is continuously recycled naturally through the hydrological cycle.

Published by hbengts41 (780 pts) on Oct 29, 2009 to
Civil Engineering Articles