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To remove the infection, I first ran a Quick Scan in Windows Defender and it identified the malware as Trojan/FakeVimes and gave me the option to remove. I let it remove the trojan, then I rebooted the PC and ran another quick scan. This time, it found multiple instances of the program, including links to the executable hidden in the user's profile in their Desktop folder as well as in the Application Data and the Temporary Internet Files folders. I told Windows Defender to remove them all again, then I rebooted again and ran a full scan in Defender. This time, it found nothing.
I put the machine back on the network and waited about half an hour to make sure it wouldn't find anything, since sometimes an active Internet connection will revive this type of malware. Just to be on the safe side, I also rebuilt the user’s roaming profile by renaming the local and server copy, then letting him log in to create a new profile. I did this because the Trojan was replicating itself in the Application Data directory and it seemed to only affect that user’s profile. Once I got everything clear, I also turned off System Restore to clear out all the restore points, then turned it back on to start over. I did this because often times System Restore will save the malware and you could accidentally restore the infection.