Mozilla Thunderbird uses Bayesian filtering for Junk mail filtering giving protection against Junk mails. The junk mail filter provided by outlook 2003 service pack 2 is improved to automatically evaluate any incoming message to see if it might be suspicious, potentially fraudulent, and part of a "phishing" scheme. It provides sanitization of junk mails by providing you an option to mark emails as junk.
During the testing of these two mail clients I found that Outlook is slower in filtering the spam mails as compared to Thunderbird. Outlook has the possibilities of getting hijacked and the resolving technique is also mentioned in the reference. (Reference: http://www.computing.net/answers/security/outlook-hijacked/15741.html). Thunderbird uses Gecko engine for HTML emails whereas Outlook uses IE engine. So Thunderbird has same security advantages as Firefox.